В новото издание на учебника е актуализирана информацията за основни патологични процеси и е разширен обемът на някои глави – на първо място туморната патология, въведени са фундаментални понятия на генетичната патология, предоставени са нови патологични методики, които да отговарят на днешните изисквания за патоморфологична диагноза и прогноза. Тези нови знания, които се съвместяват с класическите основи на общата патология, ще допринесат за създаване на солидни познания на бъдещите лекари, необходими за тяхната модерна медицинска компетентност и предпоставка за интерес към научни изследвания.

Материалът Патология. Обща Патология. Том I е публикуван за пръв път на Лакс Бук издателство за медицинска литература.

Маргарита Каменова, Бенямин Леон Анави, Ангел Атанасов Ангелов, Богомила Гатева Маневска, Весела Иванова Тодорова, Веселин Тодоров Беловеждов, Григор Петров Велев, Евлоги Евлогиев Маринов, Елисавета Петрова Попхристова, Запрян Николов Запрянов, Иван Георгиев Михайлов, Иван Недков Иванов, Карела Павел Майнхард, Маргарита Любенова Генова, Петър Иванов Генев, Радина Стефанова Иванова – Боянова, Радка Младенова Аргирова, Савелина Любенова Поповска, Саша Николаева Петрова, Спасимир Тодоров Шопов, Тихомир Илийчев Диков, Христо Борисов Мавров, Христо Светлозаров Милев, Цанка Борисова Юрукова, Цветомир Маргаритов Гарев, Юлиян Руменов Ананиев.

Учебно ръководство

Съдържание

I. CЪРДЕЧНО-СЪДОВА СИСТЕМА 11

П. Генев, Ц. Юрукова

II. ДИХАТЕЛНА СИСТЕМА 98

Ю. Ананиев, Хр. Мавров, Е. Попхристова , М. Каменова

III. УСТНА КУХИНА И СТОМАШНО‑ЧРЕВЕН ТРАКТ 180

Б. Маневска, Гр. Велев

IV. ЧЕРЕН ДРОБ И ПАНКРЕАС 278

Гр. Велев , М. Каменова, Ю. Ананиев, Б. Анави

V. КРЪВОТВОРНА И ЛИМФНА СИСТЕМА 341

М. Генова, Т. Диков

VI. ЕНДОКРИННА СИСТЕМА 393

Р. Иванова, Ив. Михайлов

VII. ПИКОЧООТДЕЛИТЕЛНА СИСТЕМА 438

Б. Анави, В. Беловеждов

VIII. МЪЖКА ПОЛОВА СИСТЕМА 512

З. Запрянов, Цв. Гарев

IX. ЖЕНСКА ПОЛОВА СИСТЕМА 534

В. Иванова, К. Майнхард

X. ГЪРДА 579

С. Поповска, Хр. Милев, Ив. Иванов

XI. ПАТОЛОГИЯ НА БРЕМЕННОСТТА 596

В. Иванова, Евл. Маринов

XII. БОЛЕСТИ НА НОВОРОДЕНОТО ДЕТЕ 612

Евл. Маринов

XIII. НЕРВНА СИСТЕМА 627

М. Каменова

XIV. СЕТИВНИ АНАЛИЗАТОРИ 691

Е. Попхристова , M. Каменова

XV. КОЖА 713

Е. Попхристова , М. Каменова

XVI. ОПОРНО-ДВИГАТЕЛЕН АПАРАТ 739

М. Каменова, С. Николаева

XVII. ИНФЕКЦИОЗНА ПАТОЛОГИЯ 785

А. Ангелов

XVIII. СЕПСИС 862

М. Каменова

Приложение

ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ И СЪПОСТАВЯНЕ НА КЛИНИЧНАТА И

ПАТОЛОГОАНАТОМИЧНАТА ДИАГНОЗА 875

Б. Анави, Сп. Шопов

Материалът Клинична патология е публикуван за пръв път на Лакс Бук издателство за медицинска литература.

1. Subject, tasks and methods of pathology – Marina Tomova, V. Belovejdov
2. Health and disease. Main categories in pathology (etiology, pathogenesis, Morphogenesis, sanogenesis, tanatogenesis) – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
3. Death. Clinical and biological. Signs of biological death – M.Tomova
4. Cell injury. Definition. Categories of cellular injury. Causal factors. Pathogenetic and morphogenetic mechanisms – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
5. Cellular injury. Types of degeneration. Acute reversible cellular damage (cellular swelling). Hydropic degeneration – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
6. Abnormal accumulation of substances in the cell. Mechanisms. Accumulation of protein (hyaline-drop degeneration, Lewy and Mallory bodies; Russel bodies) and carbohydrates. Methods of proof – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
7. Disorders of the metabolism of lipids. Types of adipose degeneration. Accumulation of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Methods of proof. Total obesity. Lipomatosis. Cachexia – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
8. Lysosomal diseases (tesaurismoses) – features. Lipidoses (Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Tay-Sacks, disease, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease) and glycogenoses – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
9. Disturbances in the metabolism of the pigments. Classification. Accumulation of exogenous pigments – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
10. Accumulations of iron-containing pigments (hemoglobinogenics) – D. Bojkova
11. Accumulation of iron-free hemoglobinogenic pigments. Jaundice – D. Bojkova
12. Disturbances in the metabolism and accumulation of proteinogenic (tyrosine, tryptophan) and lipidogenic native pigments – D. Bojkova, V. Belovejdov
13. Abnormal accumulation of substances in the extracellular matrix Mucoid edema. Fibrinoid. Hialinosis – types. Accumulation of fibrillary substances in the interstitium: scarring, fibrosis (sclerosis) and cirrhosis – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
14. Amyloidosis. Common physical and chemical characteristics. Classification. Types according to their composition. Methods of proof – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
15. Types of amyloidosis depending on the cause and spread of the process. Organ deposits. Diagnosis – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
16. Disturbances in the metabolism of calcium and copper. Abnormal accumulation of salts of the uric acid – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
17. Cell death. Necrobiosis. Necrosis: definition and types (coagulation and kaseous; liquefactive). Nuclear and cytoplasmic morphological changes – M. Koleva, V. Belovejdov
18. Clinical and anatomical forms of necrosis (infarction, gangrene, decubitus, sequesters, mutilation, steatonecrosis, fibrinoid necrosis, ‘noma’). Evolution and complications – M. Koleva, E. Poryazova
19. Apoptosis. Definition, differences between apoptosis and necrosis. Role of apoptosis – M. Koleva, E. Poryazova
20. Hemodynamic disorders: an overview, local and general hemodynamic disorders. Changes in the amount of blood. Arterial hyperemia – M. Gulinac, V. Belovejdov
21. Venous plethora (congestion). Acute and chronic left heart failure – morphological changes – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
22. Venous plethora. Acute and chronic right heart failure – morphological changes. Local venous plethora – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
23. Ischemia: definition, types, complications – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
24. Bleeding and bleeding disorders. Plasmoraghia. Terminology, mechanisms, outcome – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
25. Rheological disorders: prestasis, stasis, ‘sludge’-phenomenon – M. Gulinac
26. Thrombosis. Order and Morphogenesis. Structure of thrombi. Difference between the thrombus and post-mortem blood clot – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
27. Thrombosis. Types of blood clots, complications and evolution. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC syndrome) – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
28. Embolism. Definition. Types of embolism by the way of their distribution: venous and arterial, orthograde, retrograde and paradoxical embolism – M. Gulinac
29. Pulmonary thromboembolism: cause, proof, complications and outcomes – M. Gulinac
30. Types of embolism, according to the substrate: air, gas, fat, amnial, bacterial, parasitic, tumor cell. Comparison between embolism and metastasis – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
31. Infarction. Definition. Types. Morphological characteristics of anemic infarction – M. Gulinac, V. Belovejdov
32. Infarction. Definition. Types. Morphogenesis of hemorrhagic infarctions. Types of hemorrhagic infarctions – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
33. Shock. Definition, pathogenetic types and organ morphological changes – M. Gulinac
34. Disorders of lymph circulation: terminology and complications. Quantitative changes of tissue fluid. Oedema: definition, types. Pulmonary and cerebral edema. Dehydration – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
35. Inflammation. Definition. Terminology. Main features. Etiologyc factors – I. Bivolarski
36. Inflammation. Phases of inflammatory reaction. Pathogenesis and morphogenesis of inflammation. Plasma and cellular mediators – I. Bivolarski, E. Poryazova
37. Morphogenesis of acute (exudative) inflammation.Hemodynamic changes in microcirculation. Leukocyte migration and phagocytosis – I. Bivolarski
38. Cell types in the outbreak of acute and chronic inflammation – I. Bivolarski
39. Exudative inflammation. Morphology, complications and outcomes – I. Bivolarski
40. Productive inflammation: forms and morphological characteristics of diffuse productive inflammation – I. Bivolarski, E. Poryazova
41. Nonspecific and specific productive – ‘granulomatous’ inflammation. Morphology of foreign body granuloma, tubercle, luetic ‘gumma’, granulomas in leprosy and sarcoidosis, catscratch disease, toxoplasmosis, rhinoscleroma – I. Bivolarski, E. Poryazova
42. Pathology of immunity. Hypersensitivity reactions. Anaphylactic cytotoxic type immune reactions (first and second type reactions) – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
43. Pathology of immunity. Hypersensitivity reactions. Immune complexes reactions. Delayed type hypersensitivity (third and fourth type reactions) – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
44. Pathology of immunity – types. Autoimmune diseases. Congenital syndromes and acquired immune deficiency – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
45. Adaptivey processes: hypertrophy and hyperplasia, atrophy – definition, types, morphological characteristics – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
46. Metaplasia – definition, types, morphological characteristics, complications – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
47. Regeneration. Restitution and substitution. Factors affecting recovery processes. Wound healing. Regeneration of bone tissue – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
48. Tumors: definition, incidence and prevalence. Biology of tumor growth (irreversibility, relative autonomy, tumor impact on the whole body) – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
49. Tumors: Terminology. Classification. Tumor structure – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
50. Etiology of tumors. Chemical, physical, genetic and viral carcinogenesis. Role of growth factors – D. Serteva, V. Belovejdov
51. Morphogenesis of tumors. Monocentric and multicentric theories for their emergence Proliferating and non-proliferating tumor fractions. Biological basis of invasion of malignant tumors. Metastasis – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
52. Morphological characteristics of tumors. Differences between benign and malignant tumors. Tissue and cellular atypia – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
53. Precancerous. Dysplasia. Carcinoma in situ – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
54. Metastasis of tumors – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
55. Degree of differentiation and staging in the development of tumors. TNM-system – D. Serteva, V. Belovejdov
56. Structure and shape of tumors – macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Role of immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of tumors – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
57. Benign tumors of epithelial origin – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
58. Malignant tumors of epithelial origin – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
59. Benign soft tissue tumors – Kr. Dangalov, E. Poryazova
60. Malignant soft tissue tumors – Kr. Dangalov, E. Poryazova
61.Tumors of the central nervous system – general features, classification, basic representatives – Kr. Dangalov, V. Belovejdov
62. Tumors of the nerve sheath. Tumors of the meninges – Kr. Dangalov
63. Tumors and tumor-like entities of melanocytes. Teratomas – Kr. Dangalov

Материалът Lecture Course in General Pathology е публикуван за пръв път на Лакс Бук издателство за медицинска литература.

Preface

Dear 3rd and 4th year medical students, we have prepare for you “Lecture course in
Clinical Pathology”. You have motivated us to give you a more comprehensive, useful and
practical approach to the topics in the syllabus, which you have to learn for your exam in
Pathology. Your interest in our subject has raised the requirements and standards we have
to meet. This is why we have prepared this manual in order to give you an accessible and
organized information on our subject.
Clinical pathology is a key step into clinical medicine. It lays the foundations of the basic
pathological process that can occur in the human body. We hope that we will effectively
help you in your studies with the information given in these notes.
Every topic in your syllabus for the exam in Clinical Pathology is discussed here in a
report form. Please, do use the references given for each topic in order to complete the information
you need to know for the exam.
We will appreciate any feedback from you, since we would like to improve our work
and be as useful as possible to you, the students who will use this book.
We wish you pleasant reading!

Assoc. Prof. Elena Poryazova-Markova, MD, PhD
Department of General and Clinical Pathology
and Forensic Medicine
MU – Plovdiv

Материалът Lecture Course In Clinical Pathology е публикуван за пръв път на Лакс Бук издателство за медицинска литература.

Table of contents
Preface – E. Poryazova…………………………………………………………………………..10
Histological Sample preparation – N. Penkova, E. Poryazova………………..11
Special /histochemical/ staining – D. Serteva………………………………………..13
Immunohistochemical testing – E. Poryazova………………………………………..14
Chapter I. General pathology…………………………………………………………………15
Reversible cell damage (acute and chronic) – E. Poryazova……………………16
Intracellular accumulation of pathologic substances – E. Poryazova……..17
Fig. 1 Hepatitis epidemiсa (viralis)………………………………………………………17
Fig. 2 Hydropic degeneration: renal tubular cells…………………………………..17
Fig. 3 Degeneratio adiposa hepatis (steatosis hepatis)…………………………… 18
Fig. 4 Degeneratio adiposa hepatis, Sudan III………………………………………..18
Accumulation of pigments – E. Poryazova…………………………………………….19
Fig. 5 Anthracosis pulmonis………………………………………………………………..19
Fig. 6 Haemosiderosis pulmonis………………………………………………………….20
Fig. 7 Haemosiderosis pulmonis, Perls…………………………………………………20
Fig. 8 Icterus hepatis………………………………………………………………………….21
Fig. 9 Icterus renis……………………………………………………………………………..21
Accumulation of pathologic substances in the intercellular matrix –
E. Poryazova…………………………………………………………………………………………22
Fig. 10 Degeneratio mucoidea – Toluidin Blue………………………………………23
Fig. 11 Corpus albicans ovarii……………………………………………………………..23
Fig. 12 Hyalinosis arteriolarum renis……………………………………………………24
Fig. 13 Hypertonia arterialis benigna (cerebrum)……………………………………24
Fig. 14 Amyloidosis renis……………………………………………………………………25
Fig. 15 Amyloidosis renis, Congo rot……………………………………………………25
Fig. 16 Amyloidosis localis (glandulae mammae)…………………………………..26
Fig. 17 Amyloidosis lienis…………………………………………………………………..26
Fig. 18 Amyloidosis hepatis………………………………………………………………..27
Fig. 19 Tophi urici……………………………………………………………………………..27
Fig. 20 Calcificatio aortae……………………………………………………………………28
Compensatory-adaptive processes – N. Penkova, E. Poryazova………………..29
Fig. 21 Hypertrophia myocardii……………………………………………………………29
4 Handbook of Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry
Fig. 22 Normal myocardium………………………………………………………………..30
Fig. 23 Hyperplasia mucosae uteri glandularis cystica…………………………….30
Fig. 24 Hyperplasia glandulae prostatae………………………………………………..31
Fig. 25 Atrophia fusca hepatis……………………………………………………………..31
Fig. 26 Atrophia fusca myocardii…………………………………………………………32
Fig. 27 Atrophia gl. Thyreoideae………………………………………………………….32
Irreversible cell damage. Necrosis – I. Bivolarski…………………………………..33
Fig. 28 Necrosis coagulativa lienis……………………………………………………….34
Fig. 29 Necrosis colliquativa cerebri…………………………………………………….34
Fig. 30 Steatonecrosis pancreatis…………………………………………………………35
Fig. 31 Necrosis caseosa lymphonodi…………………………………………………..35
Circulatory disorders – D. Serteva…………………………………………………………36
Fig. 32 Cyanosis hepatic……………………………………………………………………..36
Fig. 33 Hepar mouschatum…………………………………………………………………37
Fig. 34 Haemorrhagiae punctatae cerebri……………………………………………..37
Fig. 35 Oedema pulmonis…………………………………………………………………..38
Fig. 36 Thrombus mixtus……………………………………………………………………38
Fig. 37 Embolia adiposa pulmonis, Sudan III……………………………………….39
Fig. 38 Infarctus anaemicus renis………………………………………………………..39
Fig. 39 Infarctus haemorrhagicus pulmonis……………………………………………40
Inflammation – V. Belovejdov…………………………………………………………………41
Fig. 40 Pericarditis fibrinosa………………………………………………………………..41
Fig. 41 Leptomeningitis purulenta………………………………………………………..42
Fig. 42 Appendicitis phlegmonosa………………………………………………………..42
Fig. 43 Myocarditis acuta abscedens…………………………………………………….43
Fig. 44 Granulatio………………………………………………………………………………43
Fig. 45 Polypus nasalis……………………………………………………………………….44
Fig. 46 Granuloma typus corporis alieni……………………………………………….44
Fig. 47 Echinococcus hepatis………………………………………………………………45
Fig. 48 Chitin and germinative membranes (Echinococcus cyst)………………45
Fig. 49 Lymphadenitis granulomatosa………………………………………………….46
Fig. 50 Langhans giant cell…………………………………………………………………46
Fig. 51 Mesaortitis luetica…………………………………………………………………..47
Fig. 52 Actinomycosis………………………………………………………………………..47
Table of content 5
Regeneration and fibrosis – D. Serteva………………………………………………..48
Fig. 53 Cicatrix myocardii…………………………………………………………………..48
Fig. 54 Cicatrix myocardii-Van Gieson…………………………………………………49
Fig. 55 Regeneratio medullae ossea……………………………………………………..49
Tumours – E. Poryazova………………………………………………………………………..50
Fig. 56 Lipoma………………………………………………………………………………….53
Fig. 57 Haemangioma cavernosum hepatis……………………………………………53
Fig. 58 Haemangioma capillarae cutis………………………………………………….54
Fig. 59 Leiomyoma uteri…………………………………………………………………….54
Fig. 60 Leiomyosarcoma…………………………………………………………………….55
Fig. 61 Teratoma adultum……………………………………………………………………55
Fig. 62 Carcinoma basocellulare………………………………………………………….56
Fig. 63 Squamous cell papilloma …………………………………………………………56
Fig. 64 Carcinoma planocellulare keratodes………………………………………….57
Fig. 65 Carcinoma planocellulare nonkeratodes…………………………………….57
Fig. 66 Undifferentiated carcinoma………………………………………………………58
Fig. 67 Normal skin……………………………………………………………………………58
Fig. 68 Merkel cell carcinoma……………………………………………………………..59
Fig. 69 Naevus pigmentosus………………………………………………………………..59
Fig. 70 Melanoma malignum……………………………………………………………….60
Fig. 71 Lymphogenous tumour embolism……………………………………………..60
Fig. 72 Perineural invasion (adenocarcinoma)……………………………………….61
Fig. 73 Angiosarcoma…………………………………………………………………………61
Fig. 74 Rabdomyosarcoma………………………………………………………………….62
Fig. 75 В-cell malignant lymphoma …………………………………………………….62
Chapter II. Clinical pathology………………………………………………………………..63
Respiratory system – V. Belovejdov………………………………………………………..63
Fig. 76 Normal lung…………………………………………………………………………..65
Fig. 77 Lung of newborn (with intraalveolar hemorrhages)…………………….65
Fig. 78 Bronchitis chronica………………………………………………………………….66
Fig. 79 Emphysema pulmonis………………………………………………………………66
Fig. 80 Pneumonia crouposa………………………………………………………………..67
Fig. 81 Silicosis pulmonis…………………………………………………………………..67
Fig. 82 Carcinoma pulmonis planocellulare keratodes…………………………….68
6 Handbook of Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry
Fig. 83 Carcinoma adeno-squamosus pulmonis………………………………………68
Fig. 84 Carcinoma pulmonis parvocellulare…………………………………………..69
Cardiovascular system – E. Poryazova……………………………………………………70
Fig. 85 Atherosclerosis aortae………………………………………………………………71
Fig. 86 Endocarditis verrucosa……………………………………………………………..72
Fig. 87 Normal myocardium……………………………………………………………….72
Fig. 88 Infarctus myocardii recens……………………………………………………….73
Fig. 89 Myocarditis reumatica……………………………………………………………..73
Autoimmune diseases and connective tissue disorders – D. Serteva………..74
Fig. 90 Struma lymphomatosa (Hashimoto thyroiditis)…………………………..75
Fig. 91 Polyartheriitis nodosa………………………………………………………………75
Fig. 92 Polyarthritis rheumatoides……………………………………………………….76
Hemato / lymphopoietic system – N. Penkova, E. Poryazova………………….76
Fig. 93 Normal spleen………………………………………………………………………..78
Fig. 94 Normal thymus……………………………………………………………………….79
Fig. 95 Normal liver…………………………………………………………………………..79
Fig. 96 Lymphadenosis leucaemica hepatis……………………………………………80
Fig. 97 Myelosis leucaemica hepatis…………………………………………………….80
Fig. 98 Follicular hyperplasia (lymph node)………………………………………….81
Fig. 99 Lymphoma malignum typus non Hodgkin………………………………….81
Fig. 100 Morbus Hodgkin (Lymphogranulomatosis maligna)………………….82
Fig. 101 Plasmocytoma………………………………………………………………………82
Digestive system – E. Poryazova……………………………………………………………83
Fig. 102 Gingivitis chronica hypertroficans…………………………………………..84
Fig. 103 Stomatitis candidosa……………………………………………………………..85
Fig. 104 Leucoplakia………………………………………………………………………….85
Fig. 105 Epulis gigantocellularis………………………………………………………….86
Fig. 106 Carcinoma planocellulare linguae……………………………………………86
Fig. 107 Cysta radicularis……………………………………………………………………87
Fig. 108 Sialoadenitis chronica…………………………………………………………….87
Fig. 109 Amelloblastoma (Adamantinoma)…………………………………………..88
Fig. 110 Adenoma pleomorphae glandulae parotis…………………………………88
Fig. 111 Adenolymphoma, Warthin’s tumor…………………………………………..89
Fig. 112 Tonsilitis chronica (hypertroficans)………………………………………….89
Table of content 7
Pathological changes of the stomach – E. Poryazova…………………………….90
Fig. 113 Gastritis chronica atrophicans…………………………………………………91
Fig. 114 Ulcus acutum duodeni……………………………………………………………92
Fig. 115 Ulcus chronicum ventriculi exacerbate…………………………………….92
Fig. 116 Adenocarcinoma ventriculi……………………………………………………..93
Fig. 117 Signet ring cell carcinoma………………………………………………………93
Pathological changes of the small and large intestines – E. Poryazova………94
Fig. 118 Colitis chronica……………………………………………………………………..97
Fig. 119 Tubular adenoma (large colon)………………………………………………..98
Fig. 120 Adenomatous polyp (with high-grade dysplasia)………………………98
Fig. 121 Adenocarcinoma of colon (moderately differentiated)……………..99
Fig. 122 Adenocarcinoma gellatinosum (colon), PAS…………………………..99
Fig. 123 Carcinoid tumour, (small intestine)………………………………………..100
Pathological changes of the liver, gall bladder and exocrine pancreas –
E. Poryazova……………………………………………………………………………………….100
Fig. 124 Hemangiosarcoma hepatis…………………………………………………….102
Fig. 125 Cirrhosis hepatis micronodularis……………………………………………102
Fig. 126 Cholecystitis chronica………………………………………………………….103
Endocrine system – V. Belovejdov……………………………………………………….103
Fig. 127 Struma colloides………………………………………………………………….105
Fig. 128 Struma Basedowiana…………………………………………………………….106
Fig. 129 Carcinoma papillare gl. thyreoideae……………………………………….106
Fig. 130 Glomerulosclerosis diabetica………………………………………………..107
Kidney and urinary tract – I. Bivolarski……………………………………………..107
Fig. 131 Normal kidney…………………………………………………………………….110
Fig. 132 Glomerulonephritis semilunaris (subacuta)……………………………..110
Fig. 133 Glomerulonephritis mesangiocapillaris…………………………………..111
Fig. 134 Nephrosclerosis glomerulonephritica……………………………………..111
Fig. 135 Pyelonephritis acuta abscedens……………………………………………..112
Fig. 136 Pyelonephritis chronica………………………………………………………..112
Fig. 137 Carcinoma renis…………………………………………………………………..113
Fig. 138 Carcinoma vesicae urinariae…………………………………………………..113
Female reproductive system – E. Poryazova………………………………………….114
8 Handbook of Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry
Diseases related to pregnancy – E. Poryazova……………………………………….114
Fig. 139 Abortus……………………………………………………………………………….115
Fig. 140 Decidua……………………………………………………………………………….115
Fig. 141 Arias-Stella reaction……………………………………………………………..116
Fig. 142 Mola hydatidosa…………………………………………………………………..116
Fig. 143 Choriocarcinoma (chorionepithelioma)…………………………………..117
Diseases of the cervix – V. Belovejdov……………………………………………………117
Uterine body and endometrium disorders – E. Poryazova……………………..118
Fig. 144 Hyperplasia mucosae uteri glandularis cystica…………………………120
Fig. 145 Atypical endometrial hyperplasia…………………………………………..120
Fig. 146 Endometriosis……………………………………………………………………..121
Fig. 147 Adenocarcinoma corporis uteri……………………………………………..121
Inflammatory and tumour disorders of the ovaries – E. Poryazova…………..122
Fig. 148 Cystadenoma papilliferum serosum ovarii………………………………123
Fig. 149 Cystadenocarcinoma papilliferum serosum ovarii……………………123
Mammary gland disorders – E. Poryazova…………………………………………….124
Fig. 150 Fibrosis cystica glandulae mammae……………………………………….125
Fig. 151 Fibroadenoma glandulae mammae…………………………………………125
Fig. 152 Carcinoma ductale glandulae mammae…………………………………..126
Fig. 153 Carcinoma scirrhosum………………………………………………………….126
Male reproductive system – D. Serteva…………………………………………………..127
Fig. 154 Carcinoma glandulae prostate……………………………………………….129
Fig. 155 Atrophic testis……………………………………………………………………..129
Fig. 156 Seminoma testis…………………………………………………………………..130
Fig. 157 Yolk sac tumor (tumor of Teilum)………………………………………….130
Nervous system – E. Poryazova……………………………………………………………131
Fig. 158 Polioencephalitis acuta…………………………………………………………133
Fig. 159 Poliomyelitis anterior acuta…………………………………………………..133
Tumours of the nervous system – E. Poryazova……………………………………..135
Fig. 160 Astrocytoma………………………………………………………………………..136
Fig. 161 Glioblastoma multiforme………………………………………………………136
Fig. 162 Neurinoma (schwanoma)………………………………………………………137
Fig. 163 Meningioma………………………………………………………………………..137
Table of content 9
CHAPTER III. Immunohistochemical testing…………………………………….138
Reading the results of the IHC test – E. Poryazova………………………………..138
IHC-markers for proving the histogenesis of tumours – E. Poryazova…..140
Fig. 164 IHC-testing, Cytokeratin……………………………………………………….140
Fig. 165 IHC-testing ,Cytokeratin 20………………………………………………….140
Fig. 166 IHC-testing, Cytokeratin 7……………………………………………………141
Fig. 167 IHC-testing, Vimentin…………………………………………………………..141
Fig. 168 IHC-testing, S-100 protein , Х100…………………………………………142
Fig. 169 IHC-testing, СЕА………………………………………………………………..142
Fig. 170 IHC-testing, S-100 protein……………………………………………………143
Fig. 171 IHC-testing, Desmin…………………………………………………………….143
Fig. 172 IHC-testing, CD 117 ……………………………………………………………144
Fig. 173 IHC-testing, CDX2………………………………………………………………144
Fig. 174 IHC-testing, Chromogranin A……………………………………………….145
Fig. 175 IHC-testing, CD20……………………………………………………………….145
Fig. 176 IHC-testing, CD3…………………………………………………………………146
Fig. 177 IHC-testing, Factor VIII……………………………………………………….146
IHC-markers for detecting the proliferative activity of tumours –
E. Poryazova……………………………………………………………………………………….147
Fig. 178 IHC-testing, Ki-67……………………………………………………………….147
Fig. 179 IHC-testing, Ki-67……………………………………………………………….147
Fig. 180 IHC-testing, p-53…………………………………………………………………148
Fig. 180 IHC-testing, p-53…………………………………………………………………148
Fig. 182 IHC-testing, p-53…………………………………………………………………149
Fig. 183 IHC-testing, E –Cadherin……………………………………………………..149
Fig. 184 IHC-testing, Beta-catenin……………………………………………………..150
Fig. 185 IHC-testing, AMACR…………………………………………………………..150
Fig. 186 IHC-testing, AMACR…………………………………………………………..151
IHC-testing of the hormone receptors and the antigens of growth factorsm –
E. Poryazova……………………………………………………………………………………….151
Fig. 187 IHC-testing, ЕR…………………………………………………………………..151
Fig. 188 IHC-testing, РR…………………………………………………………………..152
Fig. 189 IHC-testing, Her 2……………………………………………………………….152
Fig. 190 IHC-testing, Her 2……………………………………………………………….153
Index………………………………………………………………………………………………154

Материалът Handbook of Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry е публикуван за пръв път на Лакс Бук издателство за медицинска литература.