I. Biopolymers and enzymes 3
Proteins structure 3
Nucleotides and nucleic acids (NAs) 7
Vitamins 13
3.1 Water-soluble vitamins 14
3.2 Fat-soluble vitamins 20
Enzymes 26
Enzyme kinetics 32
Regulation of enzyme activity 38
Clinical significance of enzymes 45
II. Bioenergetics 47
High-energy compounds and process coupling 47
Metabolism 51
Redox systems 52
Oxidative phosphorylation at the substrate level 55
Respiratory chain 59
Free oxidation 61
Tricarboxylic acid cycle 65
III. Carbohydrates metabolism 71
Gycolysis 71
Gluconeogenesis 74
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) 78
Metabolism of fructose 80
Metabolism of galactose 81
Glycogen metabolism 82
Characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism in different tissues and organs 86
IV. Lipids metabolism 91
Lipoprotein complexes 91
Cholesterol 94
Bile acids 97
Metabolism of triacylglycerols 98
Fatty acids 100
5.1 β-oxidation of fatty acids 100
5.2 Oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms 102
5.3 Fatty acid synthesis 103
5.4 Essential fatty acids 106
Eicosanoids 108
Ketone bodies 110
Complex lipids 112
8.1 Phospholipids 112
8.2 Glycosphingolipids (glycolipids) 114
Lipids metabolism disorders 116
9.1 Atherosclerosis 116
9.2 Obesity 118
9.3 Fatty liver (Steatosis) 119
V. Amino acids metabolism 122
General reactions of amino acid degradation 123
Detoxification of ammonia 126
Metabolism of one-carbon units 130
Catabolism of amino acids 132
Amino acid synthesis 134
Formation of biologically active products from amino acids 136
VI. Nucleotides metabolism 142
Purine nucleotides 142
Pyrimidine nucleotides 146
VII. Iron metabolism 150
VIII. Porphyrins metabolism 154
Biosynthesis of porphyrins 154
Hemoglobin degradation 157
Bilirubin metabolism 158
Jaundice 159
IX. Principles of intercellular communication and signal transduction 162
Application 1 167
Bibliography 175