Contents

1. Subject, tasks and methods of pathology – Marina Tomova, V. Belovejdov
2. Health and disease. Main categories in pathology (etiology, pathogenesis, Morphogenesis, sanogenesis, tanatogenesis) – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
3. Death. Clinical and biological. Signs of biological death – M.Tomova
4. Cell injury. Definition. Categories of cellular injury. Causal factors. Pathogenetic and morphogenetic mechanisms – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
5. Cellular injury. Types of degeneration. Acute reversible cellular damage (cellular swelling). Hydropic degeneration – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
6. Abnormal accumulation of substances in the cell. Mechanisms. Accumulation of protein (hyaline-drop degeneration, Lewy and Mallory bodies; Russel bodies) and carbohydrates. Methods of proof – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
7. Disorders of the metabolism of lipids. Types of adipose degeneration. Accumulation of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Methods of proof. Total obesity. Lipomatosis. Cachexia – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
8. Lysosomal diseases (tesaurismoses) – features. Lipidoses (Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Tay-Sacks, disease, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease) and glycogenoses – M. Tomova, E. Poryazova
9. Disturbances in the metabolism of the pigments. Classification. Accumulation of exogenous pigments – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
10. Accumulations of iron-containing pigments (hemoglobinogenics) – D. Bojkova
11. Accumulation of iron-free hemoglobinogenic pigments. Jaundice – D. Bojkova
12. Disturbances in the metabolism and accumulation of proteinogenic (tyrosine, tryptophan) and lipidogenic native pigments – D. Bojkova, V. Belovejdov
13. Abnormal accumulation of substances in the extracellular matrix Mucoid edema. Fibrinoid. Hialinosis – types. Accumulation of fibrillary substances in the interstitium: scarring, fibrosis (sclerosis) and cirrhosis – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
14. Amyloidosis. Common physical and chemical characteristics. Classification. Types according to their composition. Methods of proof – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
15. Types of amyloidosis depending on the cause and spread of the process. Organ deposits. Diagnosis – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
16. Disturbances in the metabolism of calcium and copper. Abnormal accumulation of salts of the uric acid – D. Bojkova, E. Poryazova
17. Cell death. Necrobiosis. Necrosis: definition and types (coagulation and kaseous; liquefactive). Nuclear and cytoplasmic morphological changes – M. Koleva, V. Belovejdov
18. Clinical and anatomical forms of necrosis (infarction, gangrene, decubitus, sequesters, mutilation, steatonecrosis, fibrinoid necrosis, ‘noma’). Evolution and complications – M. Koleva, E. Poryazova
19. Apoptosis. Definition, differences between apoptosis and necrosis. Role of apoptosis – M. Koleva, E. Poryazova
20. Hemodynamic disorders: an overview, local and general hemodynamic disorders. Changes in the amount of blood. Arterial hyperemia – M. Gulinac, V. Belovejdov
21. Venous plethora (congestion). Acute and chronic left heart failure – morphological changes – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
22. Venous plethora. Acute and chronic right heart failure – morphological changes. Local venous plethora – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
23. Ischemia: definition, types, complications – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
24. Bleeding and bleeding disorders. Plasmoraghia. Terminology, mechanisms, outcome – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
25. Rheological disorders: prestasis, stasis, ‘sludge’-phenomenon – M. Gulinac
26. Thrombosis. Order and Morphogenesis. Structure of thrombi. Difference between the thrombus and post-mortem blood clot – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
27. Thrombosis. Types of blood clots, complications and evolution. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC syndrome) – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
28. Embolism. Definition. Types of embolism by the way of their distribution: venous and arterial, orthograde, retrograde and paradoxical embolism – M. Gulinac
29. Pulmonary thromboembolism: cause, proof, complications and outcomes – M. Gulinac
30. Types of embolism, according to the substrate: air, gas, fat, amnial, bacterial, parasitic, tumor cell. Comparison between embolism and metastasis – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
31. Infarction. Definition. Types. Morphological characteristics of anemic infarction – M. Gulinac, V. Belovejdov
32. Infarction. Definition. Types. Morphogenesis of hemorrhagic infarctions. Types of hemorrhagic infarctions – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
33. Shock. Definition, pathogenetic types and organ morphological changes – M. Gulinac
34. Disorders of lymph circulation: terminology and complications. Quantitative changes of tissue fluid. Oedema: definition, types. Pulmonary and cerebral edema. Dehydration – M. Gulinac, E. Poryazova
35. Inflammation. Definition. Terminology. Main features. Etiologyc factors – I. Bivolarski
36. Inflammation. Phases of inflammatory reaction. Pathogenesis and morphogenesis of inflammation. Plasma and cellular mediators – I. Bivolarski, E. Poryazova
37. Morphogenesis of acute (exudative) inflammation.Hemodynamic changes in microcirculation. Leukocyte migration and phagocytosis – I. Bivolarski
38. Cell types in the outbreak of acute and chronic inflammation – I. Bivolarski
39. Exudative inflammation. Morphology, complications and outcomes – I. Bivolarski
40. Productive inflammation: forms and morphological characteristics of diffuse productive inflammation – I. Bivolarski, E. Poryazova
41. Nonspecific and specific productive – ‘granulomatous’ inflammation. Morphology of foreign body granuloma, tubercle, luetic ‘gumma’, granulomas in leprosy and sarcoidosis, catscratch disease, toxoplasmosis, rhinoscleroma – I. Bivolarski, E. Poryazova
42. Pathology of immunity. Hypersensitivity reactions. Anaphylactic cytotoxic type immune reactions (first and second type reactions) – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
43. Pathology of immunity. Hypersensitivity reactions. Immune complexes reactions. Delayed type hypersensitivity (third and fourth type reactions) – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
44. Pathology of immunity – types. Autoimmune diseases. Congenital syndromes and acquired immune deficiency – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
45. Adaptivey processes: hypertrophy and hyperplasia, atrophy – definition, types, morphological characteristics – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
46. Metaplasia – definition, types, morphological characteristics, complications – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
47. Regeneration. Restitution and substitution. Factors affecting recovery processes. Wound healing. Regeneration of bone tissue – Sv. Bachurska, E. Poryazova
48. Tumors: definition, incidence and prevalence. Biology of tumor growth (irreversibility, relative autonomy, tumor impact on the whole body) – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
49. Tumors: Terminology. Classification. Tumor structure – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
50. Etiology of tumors. Chemical, physical, genetic and viral carcinogenesis. Role of growth factors – D. Serteva, V. Belovejdov
51. Morphogenesis of tumors. Monocentric and multicentric theories for their emergence Proliferating and non-proliferating tumor fractions. Biological basis of invasion of malignant tumors. Metastasis – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
52. Morphological characteristics of tumors. Differences between benign and malignant tumors. Tissue and cellular atypia – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
53. Precancerous. Dysplasia. Carcinoma in situ – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
54. Metastasis of tumors – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
55. Degree of differentiation and staging in the development of tumors. TNM-system – D. Serteva, V. Belovejdov
56. Structure and shape of tumors – macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Role of immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of tumors – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
57. Benign tumors of epithelial origin – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
58. Malignant tumors of epithelial origin – D. Serteva, E. Poryazova
59. Benign soft tissue tumors – Kr. Dangalov, E. Poryazova
60. Malignant soft tissue tumors – Kr. Dangalov, E. Poryazova
61.Tumors of the central nervous system – general features, classification, basic representatives – Kr. Dangalov, V. Belovejdov
62. Tumors of the nerve sheath. Tumors of the meninges – Kr. Dangalov
63. Tumors and tumor-like entities of melanocytes. Teratomas – Kr. Dangalov