Preface to First Edition ………………………………………………………...... 5

HEAD ………………………………………………………………………….... 6

General notes …………………………………………………………..... 6

SKULL .……………………………………………………………………….... 11

General characteristics ……………………………………………….... 11

Age features of the skull ……………………………………………....... 14

Internal cranial base …………………………………………………..... 16

External cranial base …………………………………………………... 22

Upper jaw - maxilla …………………………………………………...... 24

Lower jaw - mandible …………………………………………………... 26

Temporomandibular joint ……………………………………………... 28

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION ………………………………………………... 36

CRANIAL NERVES …………………………………………………………..... 43

General characteristic …………………………………………………... 43

Olfactory nerves ………………………………………………………... 46

Optic nerve ……………………………………………………………... 46

Oculomotor nerve ……………………………………………………... 48

Trochlear nerve .………………………………………………………... 50

Trigeminal nerve ………………………………………………………... 51

Abducens nerve ………………………………………………………... 61

Facial nerve ……………………………………………………………... 62

Vestibulocochlear nerve ………………………………………………... 68

Glossopharyngeal nerve ………………………………………………... 69

Vagus nerve ……………………………………………………………... 71

Accessory nerve ………………………………………………………... 78

Hypoglassal nerve ……………………………………………………... 79

TOPOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF THE HEAD ………………………………... 81

Frontoparietooccipital region …………………………………………... 81

Temporal region ………………………………………………………... 85

Auricular region ………………………………………………………... 87

Mastoid region ………………………………………………………..... 92

FACE ………………………………………………………………………….... 93

General Notes …………………………………………………………... 93

Fascia of the face ………………………………………………………... 94

Facial muscles …………………………………………………………... 95

Blood supply of the face ………………………………………………... 99

Innervation of the face ………………………………………………... 100

Embryonic development of the face ………………………………..… 103

REGIONS OF THE FACE …………………………………………………….. 104

Superficial (lateral) regions of the face ………………………………… 104

Parotideomaseteric region ……………………………………... 104

Infraorbital region ……………………………………………… 108

Zygomatic region………………………………………………. 109

Buccal region…………………………………………………… 109

Mental region …………………………………………………... 112

Anterior regions of the face…………………………………………… 112

Oral region …………………………………………………………… 112

Oral cavity………………………………………………………. 114

Teeth…………………………………………………………….. 120

Tongue………………………………………………………..…. 150

Sublingual region……………………………………………..…. 164

Fauces………………………………………………………….... 172

Salivary glands…………………………………………………... 176

Orbital region ………………………………………………………….. 181

Palpebral region…………………………………………………. 181

Deep (posterior) orbital region - regio orbitalis propria..……… 186

Nasal region……………………………………………………………. 192

Nasal cavity ……………………………………………………... 194

Paranasal sinuses………………………………………………... 208

Deep areas of the face ………………………………………………… 215

Infratemporal region …………………………………………... 215

Peripharyngeal space…………………………………………... 221

PREFACE

A large number of foreign students study Anatomy and Histology at the

Medical University - Plovdiv in English. There has not been any suitable literature

on topographic anatomy of the head, which describes the elements of the different

systems of the human body. The present textbook “Topographic anatomy of the

head” reflects the long-term experience of the Department of Anatomy, Histology

and Embryology at Medical University - Plovdiv. Our approach combines

anatomical knowledge with clinical practice. The connection of descriptive

anatomical data and that of topographic and clinical anatomy increases the

interest of medical and dental students, and physicians in the study of human

head morphology.

The textbook “Topographic anatomy of the head” presents not only the

topographical areas of the head but is supplemented with a description of the

cranial nerves and information on the embryological development of the face

and teeth. For a better visualization of the morphological structures there are

122 color illustrations included. The textbook contains the following chapters:

Skull, Muscles of Mastication, Cranial Nerves, Head and Face Regions. The terms

are presented in two languages, Latin and English, which will facilitate Englishspeaking

students. Latest edition of the anatomical nomenclature “Terminologia

Anatomica - International Anatomical Terminology of the Federative Committee

on Anatomical Terminology, Tieme, Stuttgart-New York, 1998 is used.

Due to these qualities, the textbook “Topographic anatomy of the head” is

suitable for students of dental medicine, human medicine, specialists in various

disciplines and graduated doctors from various specialties. The textbook will be

useful both in learning anatomy early in their studies, but also later when they

enter the clinical disciplines. Therefore, it will be a valuable aid in differentiation

between norm and pathology.

The author team will gratefully accept any recommendations to improve the

quality of the textbook. We hope that it will be useful for studying the complex

topographical structure of the human head.

Assoc. prof. Atanas Baltajiev, MD, PhD

Assoc. prof. Ferihan Popova, DMD, PhD